References

Graphene offers unique opportunities in electron microscopy. The protective effect of graphene towards biological samples in transmission electron microscopy is detailed in renowned publication in recent years.

• Van Deursen, P. M. G. et al. Graphene liquid cells assembled through loop-assisted transfer method and located with correlated light-electron microscopy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, (2020). Read here.
• De Jonge, N., Houben, L., Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. & Ross, F. M. Resolution and aberration correction in liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4, 61–78 (2019). Read here.
• De Jonge, N. Theory of the spatial resolution of (scanning) transmission electron microscopy in liquid water or ice layers. Ultramicroscopy 187, 113–125 (2018). Read here.
• Ghodsi, S-M, Advances in Graphene‐Based Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy: Working Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges. Small Methods 3, 1900026 (2019). Read here.

Imaging living cells has been the ultimate promise since the conception of the first transmission electron microscope. Using electron transparent graphene encapsulation, imaging ongoing processes in living cells is now being pioneered.

• Peckys, D.B. et al., Liquid phase electron microscopy of biological specimens. MRS Bulletin, 45, 754-760 (2020). Read here.
• Wu, H. et al. Liquid‐Phase Electron Microscopy for Soft Matter Science and Biology. Adv. Mat. 32, 2001582 (2020). Read here.
• Smith, J.W. et al. Liquid-phase electron microscopy imaging of cellular and biomolecular systems. J. Mater. Chem. B, 8, 8490-8506 (2020). Read here.
• Firlar, E. et al. In situ graphene liquid cell-transmission electron microscopy study of insulin secretion in pancreatic islet cells. Int. J. Nanomedicine 14, 371–382 (2019). Read here.
• Firlar, E., Ouy, M., Bogdanowicz, A. & Covnot, L. Investigation of the magnetosome biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria using graphene liquid cell – transmission electron. Nanoscale 11, 698–705 (2019). Read here.
• Keskin, S. & de Jonge, N. Reduced radiation damage in transmission electron microscopy of proteins in graphene liquid cells. Nano Lett. 18, 7435–7440 (2018). Read here.
• Park, J. et al. Direct observation of wet biological samples by graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Nano Lett. 15, 4737–4744 (2015). Read here.
• Dahmke, I. N. et al. Graphene liquid enclosure for single-molecule analysis of membrane proteins in whole cells using electron microscopy. ACS Nano 11, 11108–11117 (2017). Read here.
• Nagamanasa, K. H., Wang, H. & Granick, S. Liquid-cell electron microscopy of adsorbed polymers. Adv. Mater. 29, 1–6 (2017). Read here.
• Chen, Q. et al. 3D motion of DNA-Au nanoconjugates in graphene liquid cell electron microscopy. Nano Lett. 13, 4556–4561 (2013). Read here.
• Ianiro, A. et al. Liquid–liquid phase separation during amphiphilic self-assembly. Nat. Chem. 11, 320–328 (2019). Read here.
• Cho, H. The Use of Graphene and Its Derivatives for Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy of Radiation-Sensitive Specimens. Nano Lett., 17, 1, 414–420 (2017). Read here.

Graphene liquid cells imaging has gained a central role in high resolution TEM imaging of material science. Using graphene as electron transparent window for liquid cells allows researchers to make the most of liquid phase STEM, EELS and EDX.

• Ye, X. et al. Single-particle mapping of nonequilibrium nanocrystal transformations. Science 354, 345–348 (2016). Read here.
• Yuk, J. M. et al. Real-time observation of water-soluble mineral precipitation in aqueous solution by in situ high-resolution electron microscopy. ACS Nano 10, 88–92 (2015). Read here.
• Yoreo, J. J. De & Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M. Investigating materials formation with liquid-phase and cryogenic TEM. Nat. Publ. Gr. 1–19 (2016). Read here.